Innovation+Models

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Questions - please add comments

 * 1) What developing countries have experience in building science and technology capacity as a base for commercialization?
 * 2) How can science, technology, and innovation partnerships help innovation in developing countries?
 * 3) What has been the experience with open innovation models in developing countries?

 **Some thoughts on innovation**

 “Innovation and industry is a process that involves an enormous amount of uncertainty, human creativity, and chance.” James M. Utterback, **Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation.** R. Gopalakrishnan, Executive director of Tata, India, has talked about social innovation and how innovations in social applications can offer the greatest impact “the ultimate form of innovation is ingenuity” he said.

 If you ask 10 people to define “innovation” you will probably get 10 different answers. But we may all agree that most innovations change important parts of our daily life. Innovation is not the same as invention. Innovation is using the invention to create new products and services or new ways of doing things. For example, counting the number of patents issued may not give an accurate picture of how much innovation is taking place. An innovation may be something that is seen as new by an individual or an organization.

 What is usually called sustaining innovation, or incremental improvement, builds on existing knowledge and existing markets without challenging underlying assumptions. What is usually called breakthrough, game-changing, or disruptive innovation breaks down barriers to create new solutions or new markets. This is where R&D comes in to actually create the new products and services. Innovation can come out of R&D within a company but also from outside the firm through innovation networks. These networks may include customers (for companies) or citizens (for countries).

 A rapidly growing number of countries are trying to develop Innovation Strategies to produce economic development, competitive companies, jobs, and expanded opportunities for citizens. The Technology Commercialization Handbook and the associated Policy Toolkit will share experiences and lessons learned from several countries. Each country has its own innovation environment but experience has shown that there are usually a common set of innovation factors and common solutions which can, modified as necessary, be applied.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> This is all greatly simplified and if you disagree or would like to comment, please use the DISCUSSION tab at the top of this page. We welcome your ideas.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Modules
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Technology Models versus Innovation Models.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Linear - R&D Models of Technology Development.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Non-linear Models of Technology Development
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Closed and open innovation, open business models.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Inclusive innovation.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Finding and using ideas from outside the organization
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Commercialization in SMEs and large companies.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Technology diffusion, absorption, and adaption
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Rationale for public intervention.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Barriers to innovation and commercialization.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Business enabling environment (registration, taxes, import/export duties, labor laws and availability).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> These Modules are a guide only to the planned content of this Handbook Section. Please add new content to this page, or use the discussion Tab. As the wiki grows we will move things around.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Additional external links
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Working Papers on Innovation Studies**. Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo []

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Innovation is often seen as carried out by highly educated labour in R&D intensive companies with strong ties to leading centers of excellence in the scientific world. Seen from this angle innovation is a typical “first world” activity. There is, however, another way to look at innovation that goes significantly beyond this high-tech picture. In this, broader, perspective, innovation – the attempt to try out new or improved products, processes or ways to do things – is an aspect of most if not all economic activities. In this sense, it is argued (section one), innovation may be as relevant in the developing part of the world as elsewhere.

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">I <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">n that sense an interesting phenomenon is so called reverse innovation. By its nature it is not only technology innovation but business innovation as well, offering new management concept.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Reverse innovation is a low cost innovation driven by income gap in developed and developing world and designed to meet the cost-quality needs for technology goods of the people in low income countries. After being successfully tested in emerging markets, it is distributed and commercialized in wealthy countries. Good example of such practice is Tata Motors, who is planing to sell upgraded version of Tata Nano in European market. It is called Tata Europe. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">GE Health care was the first one who introduces reverse innovation as new business model. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">It is opposite way of developing cost intensive technology in well established R&D centers in Western world and than making simpler and cheaper version for abroad.

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 * Developing nations: Laboratories for health care <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">innovation **

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 * Reverse innovation: How GE is disrupting itself**